Chuck Darwin<p>One advantage Huawei had was the backing of its government. </p><p>US and European observers say China packs standards meetings with engineers who can be eyes and ears on the ground. </p><p>Rivals also complain that Chinese companies work together in lockstep; even ostensible competitors will set aside differences to support a compatriot business.</p><p>For a brief moment in the middle of 2016, it looked as if that national wall of support wouldn't hold. </p><p>In a preliminary round of the 5G New Radio standards process, the Chinese company <a href="https://c.im/tags/Lenovo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Lenovo</span></a> expressed its preference for LDPC, because it was a more familiar technology. </p><p>That didn't last long. <br>Lenovo changed its opinion later that year. </p><p>Lenovo's founder, Liu Chuanzhi, called Ren Zhengfei to make sure that no offense was taken by the original stance. <br>Liu and other executives even drafted an open letter that read like a forced confession. </p><p>“We all agree that Chinese enterprises should be united and not be provoked by outsiders,” Liu and his colleagues wrote. “Stick to it … raise the banner of national industry, and finally defeat the international giants.”</p><p>Thus united behind polar codes, Chinese industry prepared to do battle at the final, critical stage<br>—the November 2016 engineering standards meetings held in Reno, Nevada. </p><p>The venue was the Peppermill resort and casino. Engineers, hunkered in hotel conference rooms arguing about block codes and channel capacity, had little time to enjoy the craps tables or eucalyptus steam rooms. </p><p>Simultaneous meetings to determine a number of standards kept engineers hopping from one conference room to the next, says Michael Thelander, a consultant specializing in wireless telecommunications. </p><p>“But polar coding versus LDPC, that was the hot topic,” he says.</p><p>On the night of Friday, November 18, the conference room was packed, and the meeting, which began in the evening, turned into a standoff. </p><p>Each company presented its work, including its testing results. </p><p>“The battle was pretty well drawn, with most of the Western vendors lining up behind LDPC,” says Kevin Krewell, a principal analyst at Tirias Research, who follows 5G. </p><p>Some Western companies backed polar codes too, but, significantly, all the Chinese companies did. </p><p>“There was no obvious winner in the whole game, but it was very clear that Huawei was not going to back down,” says Thelander, who was on the scene as an observer. </p><p>Neither would the LDPC side. “So we can sit there and spend six months fighting over this thing and delay 5G, or we compromise.”</p><p>So they did. <br>The standards committee split the signal-processing standard into two parts. </p><p>One technology could be used to send the <a href="https://c.im/tags/user" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>user</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/data" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>data</span></a>. </p><p>The other would be applied to what was known as the <a href="https://c.im/tags/control" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>control</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/channel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>channel</span></a>, which manages how that data moves. </p><p>The first function was assigned to LDPC, and the second to polar codes. </p><p>It was well into the wee hours when the agreement was finalized.</p><p>Huawei was ecstatic. <br>But it was not just Huawei's win; it was China's too. <br>Finally, a Chinese company was getting respect commensurate with its increasingly dominant power in the marketplace. </p><p>“Huawei-backed polar code entering the 5G standard has a symbolic meaning,” one observer told a reporter at the time. </p><p>“This is the first time a Chinese company has entered a telecommunications framework agreement, winning the right to be heard.”</p><p>Qualcomm professes to be fine with the result. <br>“It was very important for Huawei to get something,” says its CEO, Steve Mollenkopf. </p><p>“Huawei is actually quite good. They are a formidable company. And I think that's one thing that people need to acknowledge.”</p><p> <a href="https://c.im/tags/standard" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>standard</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Reed" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Reed</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Hundt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Hundt</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/3GPP" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>3GPP</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/5G" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>5G</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/New" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>New</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Radio" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Radio</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/standards" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>standards</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Qualcomm" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Qualcomm</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/LDPC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>LDPC</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Wen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Wen</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Tong" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Tong</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/5G" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>5G</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/patents" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>patents</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ar%C4%B1kan" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Arıkan</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/polar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>polar</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/codes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>codes</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Alexander" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Alexander</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Vardy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Vardy</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ido" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ido</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Tal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Tal</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Technion" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Technion</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ren" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ren</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Zhengfei" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Zhengfei</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Huawei" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Huawei</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Chinese" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Chinese</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/government" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>government</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/ZTE" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ZTE</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/stolen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>stolen</span></a> <a 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href="https://c.im/tags/documents" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>documents</span></a></p>
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#LDPC
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Chuck Darwin<p>Reaching consensus on the parts of a mobile platform is complicated. Decisions have to be made about dozens of specifications for transmission speeds, radio frequencies, security architecture, and the like. </p><p>To make that happen, engineers gather in a series of meetings every year to choose which new technologies will be deemed <a href="https://c.im/tags/standard" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>standard</span></a> in the next generation.</p><p>The stakes are high: The companies that provide the fundamental technology for 5G will be embedded in a global communications system for years to come. </p><p>So in the background are financial, nationalistic, and even geopolitical considerations. </p><p>“From the year 2001 to the present—three administrations—not enough attention has been paid to this,” says <a href="https://c.im/tags/Reed" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Reed</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Hundt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Hundt</span></a>, a former Federal Communications Commission chair during the Clinton administration. </p><p>Hundt is one of a number of current and former officials alarmed that the United States has no equivalent to Huawei<br>—that is, a major telecommunications company that both develops next-generation technology and builds it into equipment. </p><p>“In Europe, they have an Ericsson. <br>In Japan, they have companies. </p><p>And in China, they have not just Huawei but also ZTE. </p><p>But Huawei is the one that covers the whole range of products.” </p><p>All of this made Huawei's 5G standards bid an alarming prospect. </p><p>“Huawei's IP and standards are the wedge they intend to use to pry open the Western computing world,” Hundt says.</p><p>The body that develops 5G standards, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( <a href="https://c.im/tags/3GPP" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>3GPP</span></a> ), is an international umbrella organization of various telecommunications groups. </p><p>In 2016, it made a key decision on what was called <a href="https://c.im/tags/5G" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>5G</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/New" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>New</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Radio" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Radio</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/standards" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>standards</span></a><br>—the part that helped determine how data would be sent over 5G and how it would be checked for accuracy. </p><p>After spending millions, undergoing years of testing, and filing for multiple patents, Huawei was not going to pull punches at the critical juncture. It needed the certification of an official standard to cement its claim.</p><p>The problem was that reasonable people argued that other techniques would work just as well as polar codes to achieve error correction in the new framework. </p><p>Some suggested that a revamp of the current 4G protocol, turbo codes, would be sufficient. </p><p>Others, notably San Diego-based <a href="https://c.im/tags/Qualcomm" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Qualcomm</span></a>, which makes chipsets for mobile technology, liked a third option: <br>Robert Gallager's old <a href="https://c.im/tags/LDPC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>LDPC</span></a> idea, the one that had nearly reached the Shannon limit and had inspired Arıkan on his own intellectual journey.</p><p>Since the early 1960s, when Gallager proposed LDPC, technology had improved and the cost of commercial production was no longer prohibitive. </p><p>Qualcomm's R&D team developed it for 5G. </p><p>Though Erdal Arıkan did not know it at the time, his work would be squared off against that of his mentor in a competition that involved billions of dollars and an international clash of reputations.</p><p> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Wen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Wen</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Tong" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Tong</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/5G" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>5G</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/patents" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>patents</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ar%C4%B1kan" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Arıkan</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/polar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>polar</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/codes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>codes</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Alexander" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Alexander</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Vardy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Vardy</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ido" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ido</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Tal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Tal</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Technion" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Technion</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Ren" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ren</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Zhengfei" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Zhengfei</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Huawei" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Huawei</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Chinese" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Chinese</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/government" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>government</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/ZTE" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ZTE</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/stolen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>stolen</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/intellectual" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>intellectual</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/property" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>property</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Cisco" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Cisco</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Department" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Department</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Justice" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Justice</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Nortel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Nortel</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/downloading" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>downloading</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/documents" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>documents</span></a></p>
Abraxas3d W5NYV<p>I've been on <a href="https://mastodon.radio/tags/17m" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>17m</span></a> <a href="https://mastodon.radio/tags/ft8" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ft8</span></a> building up contacts for whatever awards and cards I get. It's been *super* fun for several reasons. </p><p>1) I know why ft8 works so well. I know a lot about <a href="https://mastodon.radio/tags/LDPC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>LDPC</span></a> codes and <a href="https://mastodon.radio/tags/digital" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>digital</span></a> comms. It's a joy to use this mode. It's literally the best FEC outside of <a href="https://mastodon.radio/tags/Polar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Polar</span></a> codes. We rock!</p><p>2) It seems to tick off the local very old white male DX club to no end that "lazy people are getting dxcc for nothing!" rawr grumble fulminate etc</p>
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